Reducing Cancer Risk: Unlocking The Power Of Key Nutrients

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Although dietary supplements are not designed to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease, there is a large amount of evidence that nutrition plays a crucial role in functions that kill cancer cells. This article will cover food strategies and supplements for cancer risk reduction. Vitamin D, Omega-3, and Curcumin are among the nutrients that stand out, but new nutritional strategies for cancer risk reduction include senolytic supplements and the fasting-mimicking diet. Here’s a link to the Cancer Risk Reduction Supplement Protocol on Fullscript.

Cancer Risk Reduction

Nutrient intake plays a critical role in the reduction of cancer risk, because of the way nutrients influence cellular processes and the immune system. The body naturally produces cells that have the potential to become cancerous; however, under normal circumstances, the immune system effectively identifies and eliminates these cancer cells before they grow and multiply. Essential nutrients, obtained either through diet or supplements, are needed for al basic immune functions including killing cancer cells. Antioxidants protect cells from oxidative stress and DNA damage, which is thought to be the cause of cells becoming cancerous. These antioxidants neutralize free radicals – unstable molecules that can cause cell damage – thereby reducing the risk of transformation of normal cells into cancer cells.

Also, certain nutrients play a direct role in supporting and enhancing immune function. For instance, vitamin D is known to affect the immune response and maintain immune system balance, which is crucial for detecting and fighting cancer cells. Similarly, nutrients like zinc and omega-3 fatty acids are integral to maintaining robust immune health. Zinc is vital for the normal development and function of cells mediating innate immunity, and omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties that can help regulate immune responses.

Much is known about how these individual nutrients affect development of various cancers, but as a practical matter, keeping the focus on creating a nutrient-dense set of food choices. A well-nourished body with a strong immune system is more equipped to prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells. Building on that foundation, the following are specific diet and supplement strategies that will make a difference.

What Foods Contribute To Cancer Risk?

Processed and Red Meats

Consumption of processed and red meats has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer, among others. These meats contain compounds like heme iron, nitrites, and nitrates, which can be converted into carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds in the digestive tract. Additionally, cooking meats at high temperatures can produce heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, both known carcinogens. The World Health Organization has classified processed meats as a Group 1 carcinogen (known to cause cancer) and red meats as a Group 2A carcinogen (probably carcinogenic to humans), with a particular emphasis on the increased risk of colorectal cancer.

Added Sugars and Refined Carbohydrates

High intake of added sugars, fruit juice, and refined carbohydrates is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and increased inflammation, factors that are linked to an elevated risk of various cancers, including breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancers. These dietary components can lead to elevated levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), which may promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death), critical processes that are involved in cancer development. [PMC7932849]

Trans Fats

Trans fats, found in some processed and fried foods, can contribute to inflammation and negatively impact cell membrane function and immune response. They have been associated with an increased risk of breast and other types of cancer. The inflammation caused by trans fats can create an environment conducive to cancer development and progression.

Alcohol

Regular and excessive consumption of alcohol is a risk factor for various cancers, including those of the breast, liver, esophagus, throat, and mouth. Alcohol metabolizes into acetaldehyde, a toxic chemical and a probable carcinogen, which can damage DNA and protein. It also impairs the body’s ability to absorb and use various nutrients that can protect against cancer, like vitamin A, folate, and vitamin C.

Overcooked Foods

Cooking foods, especially meats, at high temperatures can lead to the formation of carcinogenic compounds like heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These compounds are formed during certain cooking methods, such as grilling, pan-frying, or barbecuing. They are associated with an increased risk of various cancers, including colorectal and pancreatic cancer.

Salt-Preserved Foods

Foods high in salt, including certain pickled and preserved items, can increase the risk of stomach and nasopharyngeal cancer. High salt concentrations can damage the lining of the stomach, leading to inflammation and, subsequently, an increased risk of cancer. Salt may also enhance the action of carcinogens and affect the stomach’s natural bacteria, contributing to cancer development.

Obesity-Related Diet Choices

Diets that contribute to obesity — typically high in calories, fats, and sugars but low in essential nutrients — are linked with various cancers. Obesity leads to increased levels of estrogen and insulin, promoting cell proliferation and cancer growth. Commonly associated cancers include endometrial, breast (in postmenopausal women), colon, kidney, esophagus, and pancreatic cancers. The inflammatory state associated with obesity also contributes to a cancer-friendly environment in the body.

Foods That Reduce Cancer Risk

Cruciferous Vegetables and Cancer Prevention

Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and kale are known to have cancer-preventive properties. But broccoli sprouts are known to provide far more of the cancer-fighting compounds. The active compounds in these vegetables, like sulforaphane and indoles, are key to their potential benefits. Sulforaphane upregulates phase II detoxification enzymes, improving the body’s ability to remove toxins and potential carcinogens. Indoles, found in cruciferous vegetables, can alter estrogen metabolism, thereby reducing the risk of hormone-related cancers such as breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers. Additionally, these compounds have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, providing protection against cellular DNA damage. [PMC7932849]

Berries and Cancer Prevention

Berries, including blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries, are another group of foods thought to help prevent cancer. They are rich in antioxidants, particularly anthocyanins, which protect cells from oxidative stress and DNA damage, key factors in cancer development. Berries also contain various phytochemicals that may inhibit the growth and spread of cancer cells, further contributing to their potential anti-cancer properties.

Whole Grains and Cancer Prevention

Whole grains like brown rice, barley, oats, and whole wheat are associated with a lower risk of cancer, primarily due to their high fiber content. Dietary fiber aids in maintaining a healthy digestive tract, potentially reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. Fiber also helps regulate blood sugar levels, which can reduce the risk of obesity-related cancers. Whole grains contain various antioxidants and phytochemicals that contribute to their protective effects against cancer.

Vitamin C Foods

Vitamin C, a potent antioxidant, is widely recognized for its role in boosting immune function and protecting cells from oxidative stress. It may help reduce the risk of cancer development by neutralizing free radicals that can damage DNA and lead to cancerous changes in cells. Vitamin C is found in abundance in citrus fruits, berries, and vegetables like bell peppers and broccoli. Getting vitamin C through food is likely to be much more effective than supplements because of all the other nutrients present in foods. Some research has shown that Vitamin C in the form of supplements does not reduce the risk for cancer. [PMC7585084] Still, many people opt for supplements to achieve the higher doses that some studies suggest may have therapeutic effects in cancer prevention and treatment. [PMC8750500]

Selenium Food Sources

Selenium, a trace mineral with potent antioxidant properties, plays a significant role in protecting cells from oxidative damage and enhancing the immune system. It may inhibit tumor growth and improve the body’s capability to destroy cancer cells. [PMID: 30570346] Selenium is found in foods like Brazil nuts (limit to 1 per day), seafood, and grains.

Early observational studies reported an inverse relation between selenium exposure and cancer risk. Subsequently, randomized controlled trials showed that selenium supplementation does not reduce the risk of cancer and may even increase it for some types, including advanced prostate cancer and skin cancer...The study of selenium and cancer is complicated by the existence of a diverse array of organic and inorganic selenium compounds, each with distinct biological properties.

The Epidemiology of Selenium and Human Cancer [PMID: 29054414]

Natural Forms Of Vitamin E

Initial research on vitamin E and cancer has focused on alpha-tocopherol (alphaT), but recent clinical studies on cancer-preventive effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation have shown disappointing results… However, accumulating mechanistic and preclinical animal studies show that other forms of vitamin E… have far superior cancer-preventive activities. The existing evidence strongly indicates that these lesser-known vitamin E forms are effective agents for cancer prevention or as adjuvants for improving prevention, therapy, and control of cancer.

Natural Forms of Vitamin E as Effective Agents for Cancer Prevention and Therapy [PMC5683003]

What Nutritional Supplements Are Recommended For Reducing Cancer Risk?

Remember that food is top priority when it comes to reducing cancer risk. With that said, the following supplements have been studied in relation to their ability to affect cancer rates:

• Vitamins & Minerals:
  • Vitamin D: Vitamin D is essential for maintaining overall health, including bone health, immune function, and cellular growth. In the context of cancer risk reduction, it regulates cell growth and differentiation and promotes apoptosis in cancerous cells. This is achieved through its interaction with vitamin D receptors on cells, influencing gene expression. Vitamin D’s impact is particularly noted in reducing the risk of colon, breast, and prostate cancers. Adequate sun exposure, dietary sources like fatty fish and fortified foods, and supplements are common ways to ensure sufficient vitamin D levels. [PMC10255282] One review states, “An analysis of 25(OH)D-cancer incidence rates suggests that achieving 80 ng/mL vs. 10 ng/mL [deficient] would reduce cancer incidence rates by 70 ± 10%. [PMC9003337] Vitamin D labs are available through the Nutriscape Lab Shop (affiliate link).
  • Folate (Vitamin B9): Folate, a B vitamin, is crucial for DNA synthesis and repair, making it essential for genetic stability and reducing the risk for mutations that could lead to cancer. A folate deficiency can result in DNA damage, increasing the risk of developing cancer, especially colorectal, cervical, and breast cancers. Rich dietary sources of folate include leafy greens, legumes, nuts, and fortified grains. Folate supplementation is often recommended for certain populations, such as pregnant women, to ensure adequate intake. Researchers believe that people with the MTHFR gene mutation that affects folate may have an increased risk of cancer-related to a higher risk of cancer due to inadequate folate. [PMC6132377] DNA testing is available through the NutriScape Lab Shop.
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, primarily found in fatty fish, certain plant oils, and nuts, have significant anti-inflammatory effects. They may reduce the risk of cancers related to chronic inflammation by inhibiting angiogenesis, essential for tumor growth and spread. Omega-3 supplements, like fish oil capsules, are popular for those who do not consume enough through their diet. [PMID: 23919748, PMC10052714]
• Curcumin: Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It interferes with several molecular pathways involved in cancer development, growth, and spread. [PMID: 17569209]
• Polyphenols: Polyphenols, antioxidants found in green tea and various fruits and vegetables, protect cells from oxidative damage. They may inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and induce programmed cell death (aka apoptosis). Regularly eating polyphenol-rich foods, such as berries, nuts, and vegetables, can contribute to overall health and potentially reduce cancer risk. [PMC4997428]
  • Green Tea Extract (EGCg): Green Tea Extract (EGCG), rich in catechins, a type of polyphenol, has gained attention for its potential to reduce cancer risk. These compounds are believed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, potentially inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. Regular consumption of green tea has been linked to a reduced risk of several types of cancer, [PMC4384709, PMC9181147] including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. Supplements provide a concentrated dose of these catechins, although it’s important to monitor intake as high doses can have side effects. [PMID: 35063850]
• Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): CoQ10 is a naturally occurring antioxidant in the body, playing a key role in energy production and protecting cells from oxidative damage. CoQ10 may strengthen the immune system and its antioxidant properties. While the body produces CoQ10 naturally, levels decrease with age, leading some to use supplements. CoQ10 is also looked at for its potential to reduce the side effects of certain cancer treatments. [PMID: 37632587]
• Garlic Supplements: Garlic, known for its immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties, contains compounds like allicin that have been studied for their potential anti-cancer effects. These compounds may help reduce the formation of cancerous cells and slow the growth of tumors. [PMID: 34450316] Garlic supplements are an alternative for those who want the benefits of garlic without the strong taste or odor. Garlic has been particularly studied for its potential to reduce the risk of stomach and colon cancers. [PMC8867184]
• Calcium: Calcium is well-known for its role in bone health but also has potential anti-cancer properties, particularly in colorectal health. It’s thought to bind to carcinogens in the intestine, reducing their impact. Dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods are common calcium sources. Adequate calcium intake, either through diet or supplements, may lower the risk of colorectal cancer. [PMC8719254]
• Fasting Mimicking Diet (Prolon): Early research, mostly in animal models, shows that the Fasting Mimicking Diet might help reduce cancer risk and add to the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Cancer cells are more dependent on carbohydrate than healthy cells, so taking away their fuel is hard on them–and that’s a great thing. [PMID: 36646607][PMC10037739]

Theories On The Role of Senolytics In Reducing Cancer Risk

Senolytics, a class of compounds that target and eliminate senescent cells, have sparked interest in the scientific community for their potential role in reducing the risk of cancer. Senescent cells are cells that have stopped dividing and, over time, accumulate in the body, contributing to aging and various age-related diseases, including cancer. Here are the theories related to how senolytics could possibly reduce the risk of cancer:

• Reduction of Senescent Cell Accumulation: One of the key mechanisms by which senolytics could reduce cancer risk is through the removal of senescent cells. As we age, these cells accumulate and create an inflammatory environment that can promote tumor growth and progression. By clearing out these cells, senolytics may reduce chronic inflammation and the pro-cancerous microenvironment they create.
• Preventing the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP): Senescent cells secrete a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes known as the SASP. The SASP can alter the tissue microenvironment and is thought to contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer. Senolytics could mitigate this risk by eliminating the cells responsible for the SASP, thus potentially reducing the risk of development and spread of cancer.
• Enhancing Immune Surveillance: There’s a theory that senescent cells can evade the immune system, which, under normal circumstances, would identify and destroy potential cancer cells. By removing these senescent cells, senolytics might enhance the body’s natural immune surveillance, improving its ability to detect and destroy emerging cancer cells.
• Inhibiting Cancer Cell Growth and Metastasis: Senescent cells have been shown to promote cancer cell growth and metastasis. Senolytics, by targeting these cells, may indirectly inhibit the growth and spread of cancer cells, thus reducing the overall risk of cancer development.
• Impact on Cellular Senescence as a Tumor Suppressive Mechanism: Interestingly, cellular senescence is also a natural tumor suppressive mechanism, as it prevents damaged cells from dividing. The use of senolytics needs to be carefully balanced to ensure that while senescent cells contributing to cancer risk are removed, the beneficial aspects of senescence in reducing cancer risk are not compromised.

While these theories are promising, it’s important to note that research on senolytics is still in its early stages, primarily at the preclinical or early clinical trial phase. More extensive studies are needed to fully understand their effects, potential benefits, and risks as they relate to cancer. As with any new medical approach, the translation from theory to practical and safe clinical application requires rigorous testing and validation.

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Theories of Fasting for Reducing Cancer Risk

The theories surrounding fasting and the fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) in possibly reducing the risk of cancer are based on how these practices impact cellular and metabolic processes. These theories have gained attention due to the potential benefits seen in preclinical studies and emerging clinical research:

• Cellular Autophagy: Fasting can trigger autophagy, a process where cells clean out damaged components. This cellular housekeeping is thought to play a role in reducing cancer risk. By removing damaged proteins and organelles, autophagy may reduce cancer risk. The accumulation of cellular defects could be one of the factors that leads to cancer development. Fasting, by inducing autophagy, may help maintain cellular health and reduce cancer risk.
• Reducing Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1): Fasting and FMD can lower levels of IGF-1, a growth factor associated with increased cancer risk when present in high amounts. High levels of IGF-1 promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis, processes that can lead to the development and growth of cancer cells. By reducing IGF-1 levels, fasting may help decrease these risks.
• Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Both fasting and FMD can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, which are linked to cancer development. By lowering the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing oxidative damage to cells, these dietary practices might reduce the risk of cancer initiation and progression.
• Enhancing Immune System Function: Fasting has been shown to regenerate immune cells, leading to an improved immune response. A stronger and more efficient immune system is better equipped to detect and eliminate potential cancer cells.
• Metabolic Switch to Ketosis: Fasting and FMD lead to a metabolic shift where the body starts using ketones, produced from fat breakdown, as a primary energy source instead of glucose. This shift can starve cancer cells that predominantly rely on glucose for energy, potentially inhibiting their growth.
• Differential Stress Resistance (DSR): Cancer cells, compared to normal cells, may not adapt as effectively to the nutrient-scarce environment created by fasting. Normal cells can downregulate growth signals and upregulate stress resistance pathways during fasting, while cancer cells often cannot, making them more susceptible to damage and death under these conditions.

It’s important to emphasize that while these theories are grounded in scientific research, the direct impact of fasting and FMD on cancer prevention and treatment has not yet been studied in humans. Read more in our full article: ProLon: The Easy Way To Get the Benefits of Fasting.

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Are Anti-Cancer Supplements Safe?

Multivitamins, Vitamin D, Folate (Vitamin B9), Selenium, Vitamin E, Calcium, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Polyphenols, and Curcumin are generally considered safe when taken in appropriate dosages and have numerous health benefits. Vitamin D is well-tolerated and safe in appropriate doses. Folate poses minimal risk when taken as recommended. Selenium, an antioxidant, and Vitamin E, known for its skin and eye benefits, are both safe in moderate amounts without significant side effects. Calcium’s safety profile is well-established, particularly when derived from food sources. Omega-3 Fatty Acids are safe and beneficial. Polyphenols, found in fruits, vegetables, and tea, offer antioxidant benefits with a low risk of adverse effects. Lastly, Curcumin, a compound in turmeric, is noted for its anti-inflammatory properties and is safe for most people when used as a dietary supplement. As with any supplement, it is important to adhere to recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider, particularly for individuals with specific health conditions or those on medications.

Medication Interactions with Anti-Cancer Supplements

• Anticonvulsants: These medications may decrease levels of Vitamin D by increasing its metabolism and can also lower Folate (Vitamin B9) levels in the body, which might necessitate supplementation.
• Warfarin and Other Anticoagulants: High doses of Vitamin E can increase the risk of bleeding when taken with these medications. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Curcumin can also enhance the blood-thinning effect of anticoagulants, raising the risk of bleeding.
• Chemotherapy Drugs: Selenium might interact with certain chemotherapy drugs, potentially affecting their efficacy.
• Statins and Fibric Acid Drugs: Omega-3 Fatty Acids may increase the effectiveness of these drugs, which could lead to muscle-related issues.
• Antibiotics: Calcium can interfere with the absorption of certain antibiotics such as tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, thereby reducing their effectiveness.
• Bisphosphonates: Calcium should be taken at a different time from bisphosphonates, as it can hinder their absorption and reduce the effectiveness of the treatment for bone health.
• Blood Pressure Medications: Omega-3 Fatty Acids can lower blood pressure, which may enhance the effects of blood pressure medications and necessitate adjustments in dosages.
• Diuretics: Thiazide diuretics can raise Vitamin D levels, whereas loop diuretics might decrease them. Also, loop diuretics can increase calcium excretion, while thiazide diuretics may reduce it.
• Antacids and Acid Reducers: The long-term use of these medications can reduce the absorption of Folate (Vitamin B9), potentially leading to a deficiency.
• Barbiturates: These drugs can increase the metabolism of Vitamin E, reducing its effectiveness and potentially leading to lower levels in the body.
• Oral Contraceptives: The use of oral contraceptives may increase the need for Folate (Vitamin B9) supplementation.
• Lithium: Omega-3 Fatty Acids may have an additive effect with lithium, potentially requiring adjustments in the lithium dosage.
• Steroids: Steroids can reduce calcium absorption, which may necessitate calcium supplementation to maintain bone health.

Supplement Interactions With Anti-Cancer Supplements

• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: High doses of Omega-3 Fatty Acids can thin the blood, increasing the risk of bleeding, especially when taken in combination with supplements like garlic and ginkgo biloba or curcumin.
• Polyphenols: Consuming high doses of certain Polyphenols may interfere with iron absorption. Polyphenols may also interact to increase the risk of bleeding when taken with over-the-counter supplements that have anticoagulant properties.

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Food First!

Although this article discusses supplements in detail, don’t forget that we are absolutely committed to the “Food First” approach to nutrition. When it comes to your health, the totality of your eating habits far surpasses the impact of individual nutrients or any single supplement you consume. Even though this article doesn’t delve into the broader picture of your overall diet, it’s crucial to keep this element at the forefront of our minds. Your food needs to provide all the vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemicals to nourish your body systems down to the cellular level.

Food choices, rather than supplements, are the most critical factors for a healthy gut microbiome. These trillions of tiny inhabitants in your gut affect your brain waves; they orchestrate your immune system. They possess the power to create molecules that can switch genes on or off and are even capable of synthesizing neurotransmitters. Opting for organic foods and steering clear of plastic packaging (including those labeled BPA-free) is a smart move to limit toxin exposure. The sum of all these parts leads to a powerful conclusion: the ultimate key to your health lies in the quality and balance of the food you consume. Supplements are secondary.

To Sum It Up

Again, while no dietary supplement is proven to prevent cancer, nutrients are critical in giving our immune system the ability to kill emerging cancer cells. Incorporating healthy foods and supplements into your daily routine can go a long way in reducing the risk for cancer. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats provides essential nutrients that can help strengthen the body’s natural immune defenses against cancer. Supplements can fill nutritional gaps and further fortify your body against potential risks. It’s also important to remember that while diet and supplements are crucial, they are part of a larger picture that includes regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding toxins, especially tobacco and excessive alcohol.

This Article is Not a Substitute for Medical Advice

Dietary supplements are not designed to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The Supplement Sciences website seeks to provide comprehensive access to the most relevant supplement information along with convenient online ordering. We do not provide medical advice and cannot guarantee that every product suggested is completely without risk. Since each person is unique in their health history and medication use, it is important to discuss supplements with your personal physician. Specifically, pregnant women and individuals being treated for cancer or liver or kidney problems must consult their physician about every nutritional supplement they plan to take. People taking medications for the treatment of HIV or with a history of organ transplant must not take supplements without consulting with their physician.